Notes for Class 11 Biology- Digestion and Absorption

Notes for Class 11 Biology- Digestion and Absorption – The Process of Egestion

Mechanism of Egestion:

Peristalsis (muscular contractions and relaxations that take place in the digestive tract), gradually pushes the indigestible materials of the small intestine into the large intestine or colon. Normally 1500 ml of chyme passes into the large intestine per day. The colon absorbs most of the water. It also absorbs electrolytes, including sodium and chloride from the chyme.

The epithelial cells of the colon also excrete certain salts such as iron and calcium from the blood. Escherichia coli(bacterium) live in the colon which feeds on the undigested matter. This bacterium, in turn, produces vitamin B12 (cobalamin), vitamin K, vitamin В1 (thiamine) and vitamin B2 (riboflavin) which are absorbed by the wall of the colon. Consequently, the chime converts into semisolid faeces.

The faecal matter is stored in the rectum, the lower part of the large intestine, as the pellets of faeces enter the rectum; distension of rectal wall induces the feeling of defecation due to a “defecation reflex”. This reflex initiates peristalsis in the last part of the colon (sigmoid colon) and the rectum, forcing the faeces towards the anus. As the faeces reach anus, involuntary relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and voluntary relaxation of external anal sphincter cause defecation. Defecation is the final act of digestion, by which organisms eliminate solid, semisolid, or liquid waste material from the digestive tract via the anus.

Continue Complete article click Notes for Class 11 Biology- Digestion and Absorption – The Process of Egestion

Read more articles of Class 11 Biology notes, click our Science section

Comments

Allotment of DIN (Director Identification Number)

Allotment of DIN (Director Identification Number) CS professional course : Section 153 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 9 of the Companies (Appointment and Qualification of Directors) Rules, 2014 Every individual intending to be appointed as a director as a director of a company shall make an application for allotment of Director Identification Number (DIN) to the Central Government in such form and manner and along with such fees as may be prescribed. Rule 9 of Companies (Appointment and Qualification of Directors) Rules, 2014 (1) Every Individual, who is to be appointed as a director of a company shall make an application electronically in Form DIR 3, to the Central Government for the allotment of a DIN along with such fees as provided in the Companies (Registration Offices and Fees) Rules, 2014. (2) The Central Government shall provide an electronic system to facilitate submission of an application for the allotment of DIN through the portal on the MCA21...

PURCHASED GOODWILL METHOD UNDER IND AS 103

The acquisition of subsidiaries results in Goodwill calculation and also records net assets of the subsidiary at fair value on the date of acquisition. Let’s get answers to all the questions related to Goodwill, valuation of NCI, and impairment relating to them. Q1 – What are the ways in which an entity can make payment for purchase consideration? ANS: – Cash – Share exchange – Deferred payment – Contingent consideration Q2 – How is deferred payment dealt, when it forms part of purchase consideration? ANS: The deferred payment is discounted to present value and included in the cost of consideration. At the end of each year, the liability is increased by unwinding the discount, until the payment is settled. For example, An amount of Rs. 108,000 was deferred to be paid after 2 years. The discount rate applicable is 8%. The net present value today of Rs. 108,000 is equal to (108,000 * 1) / (1.08) ^2)= Rs. 92,593 included in purchase consideration. A liability of Rs. 92,59...

Contract of Guarantee important topic for CS Professionals

Contract of Guarantee important topic for CS Professionals For CS Course , Takshila Learning is offering CS Professional online classes for students in an easy, convenient, and simple way through our portal www.takshilalearning.com . It helps students to grab the conceptual knowledge in a different but simple way. CS online classes for CS preparation are a collection of HD-quality recorded lectures with the detailed explanation of the content by experienced and well-known faculties. An interesting topic from Drafting – ‘ Guarantees ’ is discussed below: Guarantees Contract of Guarantee A “ contract of Guarantee ” is a contract to perform the promise, or discharge the liability, of a third person in case of his default. A Guarantee may be either oral or written. Parties involved in the Contract Surety: The person who gives the guarantee is called the “surety”. Principal debtor: The person in respect of whose default the gua...

Takshila Learning - Online Tutorials

Search This Blog