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Labor turnover is defined as the proportion of the workforce of the company leaving over the course of the year or the ratio of the number of persons leaving over the period to the average number of employees.   Labor turnover is all about retention of employees – i.e. the ability of a company to convince its employees to remain in business.   Causes of Labor Turnover     The causes of the turnover of labor could be classified into three types. They're:   Personal causes –  those that induce or force workers to leave their jobs. Retreat due to old age. The accident makes workers permanently unable to work. Women workers may leave after marriage to perform household duties/family duties I don't like the job or the place. Workers are finding better jobs in other places. Changing the job for improvement.   Inevitable causes –  those on which management is obliged to ask some or more of their employees to leave the organization; Seasonal nature of th...

Multi-deposit system: The depository model adopted in India provides for a competitive multi-depositary system. The depository was to be a company formed under the Companies Act 2013 and a certificate of registration under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 was to be granted. There are currently two depositories registered with SEBI, namely:   National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL), and Central Depository Service Limited (CDSL)   Securities in Dematerialised Form: The depository model adopted in India provides for the dematerialization of securities, which is more or less similar to holding funds in bank accounts. Transfer of ownership of securities is done through simple account transfers. This method does away with all the risks and hassles normally associated with paperwork.   Fungibility: In a general sense, Fungibility is a good or asset’s interchangeability with other individual goods or assets of the same type. Assets possessing this fungib...

What is the 2017 Amendment Bill for Companies?  The 2017 Companies (Amendment) Bill, which aims to bring in substantive amendments to the 2013 Companies Act. It aims to enhance the quality of corporate governance, initiates stern action against defaulting companies, and help boost the country's ease of doing business...   Some of the key amendments introduced in Companies Amendment Bill, 2017 are: Instead of affidavits, a declaration would be required for the incorporation of the company. In the case of a new company, the name reservation is valid for 20 days from the date of approval, instead of 60 days from the date of application. The Unlisted Company's Annual General Meeting (AGM) can be held anywhere in India. Each company must have its registered office within 30 days of incorporation, rather than the current requirement to have its registered office within 15 days. The ROC shall be informed of any improvement in the situation of the registered office within 30 days inst...

Eligibility for Bonus & Its Payment Eligibility for Bonus:   In compliance with the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965, an institution that has hired 20 or more workers shall pay an annual bonus to its qualifying employees*.   Employees who have worked for no less than 30 working days in that year and earn a salary of Rs. 10,000 or less per month are qualified employees. And an apprentice is not eligible for the bonus, as per a decided case law.   Note: Now, from Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 21,000 per month, the cap has been adjusted.   Bonus disqualification   If an employee has been terminated from service for being involved in the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965, pursuant to Section 9,   (a) fraud; or, (a) fraud; or   (b) riotous or violent activity while on-site or in the establishment; or (b) riotous or violent behavior while on-site or in the establishment;   (c) fraud, misappropriation or sabotage of any property belonging to the establishment, and then proh...

To borrow   Money is required to operate a business. Now, it can either be in the form of investment in money, or it can be borrowed from outsiders. Capital investment can be made by the issuance of equity securities, while money can be borrowed from external sources, i.e. external sources, through issuing debentures, bonds, bank loans, external commercial borrowings, etc.   Basically, borrowing means arranging cash with the intention of running a company and generating income and eventually returning the money borrowed.   Borrowing means borrowing cash. Loans can come in many ways, such as short-term loans, long-term loans, secured loans, unsecured loans, private borrowing, public borrowing, etc.   The firm's power to borrow     In its articles for borrowing capital, a corporation has its own life and has articulated powers. The company's power to borrow money is exercised by its directors by passing a resolution authorizing them to borrow money, and that ...

The Negotiable Instrument Act is a very interesting subject of Economic, Business and Commercial Law, explained below:   The Negotiable Instruments Act was enacted in India in 1881 and entered into force on 1 March 1881. Prior to its enactment, the provisions of the English Negotiable Instrument Act were applicable in India and, with certain modifications, this Act is also based on the English Act. It extends to the whole of India, with the exception of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Act operates subject to the provisions of Sections 31 and 32 of the Indian Reserve Bank Act, 1934.   What's the Negotiable Instrument?   A "negotiable instrument" means a promissory note, a bill of exchange or a check payable either to the ordering party or to the holder.   EXPLANATION – A promissory note, bill of exchange or check is payable to an order which is expressed as being payable or which is expressed as being payable to a particular person and does not contain words proh...

About the  CS Executive Company Law : The  Companies Act  is mammoth legislation. The  Companies Act, 1956  was one of the lengthiest Act with 658 Sections which was repealed by The  Companies Act 2013  containing 470 Sections. The new Act was a need of the hour as the 50 years old law required a new structure with added perspectives. It Act is nothing but all about companies since its incorporation till its winding up. In spite of several sections to understand this statue, we just need to understand a few basic principles.   Structure: In legal sense, Company is a business association. A group of persons associate themselves to conduct a business under a common name. They invest their amounts into business under a common named entity, by way of subscription of shares. They appoint personnel to look after and direct the business, known well as Directors. When the business makes a profit, it is distributed to the holders of the share. In case of l...