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Different phases of the Business Cycle - CA Foundation Notes The natural growth and contraction of product and service production and output through time is referred to as a business cycle . Different phases of the business cycle The 4 phases of the business cycle are as follows: I – Expansion : During this period, production output and employment both expand dramatically. During this time, involuntary unemployment remains at a minimum. II – Peak : The expansion phase comes to a close here, and the peak is reached. During this time, the company reaches its maximum. The economy reaches its full output but overheats as a result. As cost and sale prices rise, demand falls and the cost of living rises. III - Contraction : During this phase, the company succumbs to economic pressure and begins to downsize. In contrast to the boom period, output and employment begin to decline. Unemployment is becoming more involuntary. IV - Trough : During this period, outputs and employment are at their lo

What is the use of fermentation in daily life? Class 10 Science Notes - Use of fermentation The following are some examples of how fermentation is used in everyday life: 1. In the food preservation and processing sector, the fermentation process is frequently used. Fermentation is used in several food processing businesses, particularly pickle production, to retain food and extend its shelf life. 2. As a result of this procedure, alcoholic beverages are produced. Heterogeneous fermentation is a method used in the alcohol business. 3. Fermentation is responsible for the creation of bread and other bakery goods. 4. In the production of biofuels like ethanol, the fermentation process is crucial. Because they contain a lot of sugar, sugar beet, corn, and sugar cane are three of the most popular plants utilised in ethanol manufacturing. Uses of fermented food 1. Fermentation creates probiotics, which can help to restore the balance of friendly bacteria in your stomach and alleviate some dig

Class 7 Science -Camouflage Camouflage is the use of a variety of materials, colours, and lighting to conceal and protect animals and plants from predators. Some animals seem to be able to adapt to any situation. Depending on the situation, their colours, patterns, and skins alter. They may change colour or camouflage themselves to avoid being seen by hunters. To blend in with the environment, they use a combination of materials, colours, and lighting. Many animals conceal in order to blend in with their surroundings. Chameleons and octopuses are the most common examples of this phenomena. Hunters have a difficult time identifying them since they take on the colour of wood, leaves, or stone. To catch prey or flee from predators, animals employ a range of strategies. Camouflage is made up of two main elements: pigments and physical makeup. Bio-chromes, for example, are pigments found in octopuses that include microscopic pigments that reflect light to modify the specimen's colour.

Business Communication Meaning and Types of Writing  Communication is the process by which two or more people exchange ideas and concepts with one another. Business communication refers to communication that is related to work. Business communication includes any communication related to legislation, administration, finance, trade, management, and so on. Based on its purpose, the large field of business writing can be divided into four categories, such as - Informational business writing Informational business writing gives you the information you need to finish a task. Let's look at an example to illustrate the goal of such communication. The October sales report was sent to me by my manager. It featured information on client analysis, profit margins, and sales overheads. It is informative business writing because the sales report gave significant information for me to comprehend the sales operations for October. Business reports, a firm's financials, meeting minutes, and othe

Types of Sentences Worksheet  A sentence is a group of words that come together to form complete thinking or idea. It has a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop, exclamation mark, or question mark at the conclusion. Against each sentence, write whether the sentence is exclamatory, interrogatory, imperative, or declarative.   What is your name?  Come here.  Write your name on the notebook.  Rakesh is running.  What a great idea!  Can I use this spoon?  May God bless you!  Give me my pencil back.  Please sit down!  Karan is going to lose the race. Download Worksheet  Answer Interrogatory Imperative Imperative Declarative Exclamatory Interrogatory Exclamatory Imperative Exclamatory Declarative Tag - Class 5 English grammar; Types of Sentences; types of sentences worksheet;  online classes for school ; English grammar worksheet

The democratic country need a constitution - Social Science Class 8 Assume you're organising an outing with a group of buddies. Akshay, one of your friends, wants to see a movie. Trisha, one of your friends, has expressed an interest in visiting the mall. You wish to visit a bowling alley. Akanksha, one of your friends, also wants to see a movie. You should all go to a movie, according to the majority. Imagine if no one agreed! You decide to stick to your guns, Trisha sticks to hers, and Akshay and Akanksha refuse to change their minds. Do you see what's going on? Your outing would eventually be canceled, and you'd all miss out on some great fun! So there would be no order in the world if everyone did as they pleased! As a result, in order for a country to be in order, laws and regulations must be established. A democracy, on the other hand, allows its population to choose who will be in charge of the country. As a result of universal suffrage, a democratic government permi

Months of the Year Name - Class 1 Worksheet 1. Arrange the following months in the correct order: a) January b) December c) March d) July e) September 2. Name the months that have 30 days in a year. 3. How many months are there in a year? 4. Name the months that have 31 days in a year. 5. How many days are there in the month of February in a non-leap year? 6. How many days are there in the month of February in a leap year? 7. Which two consecutive months have 31 days in a year? Click for Answer Tag - the name of months; the name of months; Months of the Year Name; class 1 evs worksheet; online classes for school students; online classes for school 

Difference between fixed cost and variable cost - Class 12 Economics Cost means the amount of money spent by a company on the manufacture or manufacturing of goods or services. Fixed Costs Meaning of Fixed Costs- Costs that remain constant for some time, regardless of the level of outputs. Dependence of Fixed Costs- Dependent on fixed factors. Cost at Output = 0 -- FC = n, ‘n’ is the fixed amount that stays constant. Longevity of Fixed Costs - Found only in the long run. Other names of Fixed Costs- Overhead costs, Supplementary costs or Period costs. Examples of Fixed Costs - Rent, loan payments, property taxes, depreciation. Variable Costs Meaning of Variable Costs- Costs that vary in direct proportion to the changes in business activities. Dependence Variable Costs- Dependent on variable factors. Cost at Output = 0 -- VC = 0 Longevity Variable Costs - Found in the long and short run. Other names Variable Costs- Direct costs, Prime costs. Examples Variable Costs - Costs of goods

Magnetic Force and  Magnetic Field The force exerted by a magnet on certain materials, including other magnets, is known as a magnetic force . The force is applied across a large area and includes both attractive and repulsive forces. Two magnets with opposite north and south poles attract one another, while two magnets with comparable north and south poles repel one another. Magnets can exert force across large distances due to magnetic fields. The magnetic field surrounding a bar magnet can be seen in the image above. Under a sheet of glass, iron filings (small iron particles) were placed. The iron filings on the glass were attracted by the magnet. The magnetic field's lines of force are depicted by the pattern of iron filings. The concentration of iron filings at the poles indicates that these are the most strong areas. It's also possible to investigate how the magnetic field affects compasses above the magnet. When two magnets come close together, their magnetic fields int

   Role of Banks in the Economic Development of a Country | CMA Foundation Notes A bank plays an important part in a country's economic development. In today's economic world, the banking system connects various marketplaces. Depositors' savings and collections are lent to clients in need of funds. This procedure allows money to flow from one sector of the economy to another. As a result, banks make commerce easier. The following are characteristics of a sound banking system in economics : Adequate Liquidity : Having a specific amount of liquidity is one of the most important aspects of sound banking. A bank allows its customers to deposit money in a variety of methods, including time deposits, current and savings account deposits, and non-resident ordinary accounts, depending on their preferences. As a result, banks must have sufficient cash on hand to accommodate depositor withdrawal requests. If a bank fails to meet these requirements, it is deemed insolvent. Banking Ser

Monopoly Meaning and Features of Monopoly  Monopoly Meaning  Monopoly is made up of two words: mono, which means one, and polein, which means to sell. In economics, a monopoly is a company that sells a product that has no competitors in the market. As a result, it is a single-firm business. Google is one of the most well-known examples of a monopoly in today's world. Everyone knows about Google, whether it's your grandparents or a child in your house. Google is the most popular web search engine, with a market share of more than 70%. You can search it up on Google if you want to be sure! 1. A single seller and several other buyers : A monopoly may have a single seller and several other buyers as its fundamental quality. Because a single firm makes up the entire or most of the industry in such a market, there is no or only a tiny difference between the industry and the seller. As a result, the firm's demand curve is identical to or almost identical to the industry's dem

What was the treaty of Versailles? History Notes for Class 9 When World War I came to a close, the Central Powers and the Allies signed the Treaty of Versailles . The Treaty of Versailles defined the terms of peace between the victorious Allies and Germany. It was signed in June 1919 at the Palace of Versailles in Paris. The Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for the outbreak of the war and imposed harsh penalties for territorial loss, hefty compensation payments, and militarism. When World War I came to a conclusion on June 28, 1919, the Central Powers and the Allies signed the Treaty of Versailles . On June 28, 1919, World War I came to a conclusion, and the peace treaty was signed on January 10, 1920. On January 18th, 1919, the Paris Peace Conference began. It commemorates the German Emperor Wilhelm I's coronation at the Palace of Versailles at the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1871. Click to know, signing terms of the Treaty of Versailles Tag - treaty of Versail

Causes of World War 1  There was no single event that precipitated World War I . The conflict was sparked by a series of events that occurred in the years running up to 1914. Some of the events that contributed to the war were as follows: 1. Germany's New International Expansion Policy: In 1890, Wilhelm II, the new German Emperor, launched an international policy aimed at transforming his country into a global force. Germany was viewed as a danger by all other powers, destabilising the international situation. 2. Mutual Defense Alliance: Mutual defence agreements have been signed by countries all throughout Europe. These agreements said that if a country was attacked, the Allies would defend it. At the time, some of the alliances were – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy are linked by the Triple Alliance of 1882. In 1907, the Triple Entente (Britain, France, and Russia) came to an end. As a result, Europe had two rivals. 3. Imperialism: Prior to World War I, sections of Africa and

Characteristics of matter   "Matter" refers to any substance that takes up space and has mass. 1. Molecules are extremely small particles that make up matter. 2. The intermolecular spaces between these molecules are known as intermolecular spaces. 3. Because they have Kinetic Energy, these molecules tend to move. 4. Kinetic energy is a type of energy possessed by moving objects. It's the energy of mass in motion, in a nutshell. 5. Atoms make up molecules. The most fundamental unit of matter is the atom. 6. Subatomic particles, which carry various types of charges, are also found in atoms.  Protons are subatomic particles with a positive charge. Negative charge of electrons Neutrons don't have any charge. 7. A substance's molecules are attracted to one another. The intermolecular gaps, or distance between the particles, determine the pull. 8. The lesser the pull between molecules becomes as the distance between particles increases. Click to know the States of Matte

Importance of Money Supply  Meaning of Money Supply: The entire amount of money in circulation in an economy on any given day is referred to as the money supply. On any given day, it contains all of the notes, coins, and demand deposits held by the general population. Importance of Money Supply  Interest rates fall as it rises. As a result, more investment is made, putting more money in the hands of consumers. This technique encourages people to spend money. The expansion of circulating wealth is critical not only for speeding up the economic development process but also for maintaining price stability in the economy. To fulfill the goal of development and economic stability, the money supply must be increased. As a result, an increase in it has a major impact on economic growth. It has the ability to stimulate economic growth if kept within appropriate limitations. A large rise, on the other hand, can have the opposite effect. As a result, controlling the money supply is essential fo

Masculine and Feminine Gender Worksheets Masculine and Feminine Gender – This worksheet is based on the English subject for class 2 and covers the topic of Males and Females. It will assist students in developing a better understanding of other genders and how to deal with them. Male –  Your father is male. Female – Your mother is female. Fill the table with the male and female versions of the animals listed below. Fill in the table with the male and female forms of each member of the family. Click for more  Masculine and Feminine Gender Worksheets Gender worksheet Class 2 English Verb worksheet Adjective worksheet Pronoun worksheet Tag - masculine and feminine gender; what is masculine and feminine; masculine and feminine worksheets; class 2 english grammar; masculine and feminine class 2; school online class

Worksheet on Shapes Shapes worksheet for class 1 Maths This worksheet covers the topic of shapes and spaces in class 1 math . It will assist students in gaining a better understanding of various forms and areas. Give answer according to above image Q1.Tick the box in which objects are nearer to each other. Cross the box in which objects are farther to each other. Q2. Colour the object which is farthest from the tree with green colour. Colour the object which is nearest to the tree with red colour Q3. Match similar shapes together Q4. Colour the objects which are above the line with red. Colour the objects which are below the line in green colour. Click for more Maths Worksheet for Class 1 Tag - shapes worksheet; shapes worksheet kindergarten; shapes worksheet for class 1

Differences between acids and bases - NCERT Class 7 Science Acids are a type of substance that includes hydrogen ions and can donate these ions to another substance. Acidic compounds have a sour tang to them. A substance that can accept hydrogen ions from acid is called a base. Caustic soda (NaOH) and caustic potash (KOH) are two examples. Acids vs Bases  Acids  Meaning of Acid - Acids are a substance that contains hydrogen ions and are capable of donating these hydrogen ions to another substance. Acid Impact on Litmus -Turns blue litmus red. Acid Taste - Sour Acid  Ph Value - Less than 7 Acid Chemical Composition - Acids always start with the chemical formula H. For example, HCL. However,  organic acids are a notable exceptiont to this. Examples of Acid - Lactic, citric, and tartaric acid etc. Bases  Meaning of Bases  - Bases are a substance that can accept hydrogen ions from an acid. Bases Impact on Litmus -Turns red litmus blue. Bases Taste - Bitter Bases Ph Value - Less th

Oligopoly meaning - CA Foundation Notes The phrase oligopoly is made up of two words: oligo means few and polein means to sell. Competition among the few is a well-known definition of oligopoly. This means that there are only a few sellers in this market. In this market, the few vendors impact the behaviour of other enterprises, and each seller is influenced by the behaviour of fellow sellers. The market consists of products that are either homogeneous or differentiated. Example of Oligopoly In India, a few companies (Maruti, Tata, Hyundai, Ford, Honda, and so on) dominate the automobile business. A change made by one company (say, Tata) in one of its vehicles (say, Indica) will cause other companies (say, Maruti, Hyundai, etc.) to make changes in their corresponding models. Features of oligopoly Only a few businesses This market structure contains a small number of significant enterprises. However, the number of firms is not specified. Each company contributes a share of the total out

Steps to Create and Format new document in MS Word 2007 1. Create a new Word document and save it. MS Word comes with a basic document layout that you can change to make it look cleaner and more professional: To open Word's default blank document, open it and use "Ctrl+N." Type "Ctrl+S" to save this blank document. Save the file as ‘My Document.docx' to a specific location on your computer (such as Favorites). You've started a new document in which to store your layout. 2. Decide on your page margins. The first thing you should do when creating a new document is select document layout parameters. Click the little icon in the left bottom corner of the Page Layout ribbon's Page Setup section to open the Page Setup dialogue box. Select the Margins tab from the drop-down menu. Set the left margin to a width of 3 cm. After selecting Portrait as the page orientation, click OK. Before clicking OK, make sure the drop-down box is set to the Whole Document. Th

Difference between Marketing & Branding Class 12 Business Studies Meaning of Marketing It is the process of combining tools and techniques in order to engage people in their brand and persuade them to purchase it. Marketing is the link between customers and sellers. Marketing comes second. Convince customers to buy. Attract customers. Push customer to buy. Marketing results in sales. Meaning of Branding The process of giving a commodity a name, sign, symbol, or other identifier is known as branding. Branding is the strategy that leaves an impact on the customer. Branding comes first. Set itself apart from competitors. Retain customers. Pull customers to buy. Branding brings reputation Read more  Marketing vs Branding Tag - the difference between marketing branding class 12; marketing management class 12; NCERT class 12 commerce; school online classes

What are the Exceptions to the Law of Demand? CA Foundation Notes Exceptions to the Law of demand are- Giffen goods - Giffen items were launched by Sir Robert Giffen. As a result, Giffen goods was born. Consumers perceive these items to be essential. As a result, rather than the inverse relationship predicted by the Law of Demand, price fluctuations induce a straight link between price and amount demanded. Veblen goods - Thorstein Veblen, an American economist, coined the term Veblen Goods. As a result, the commodities are known as Veblen goods. Consumers may feel that a higher-priced product equals higher quality, while a lower-priced product equals worse quality. As a result, demand for such commodities, also known as Veblen goods, grows with higher prices and falls with lower prices. The speculative market of shares - People tend to buy shares of companies whose stock values are rising on the stock market. They do so in the expectation of increasing their profits as the stock marke

Difference between physical and chemical change Meaning of Physical change - physical alteration is one that does not result in the formation of a new substance.  Meaning of Chemical change - Any alteration that results in the formation of new material is referred to as a chemical change. Difference between physical and chemical change Physical change Composition -  Physical attributes shift throughout time. The chemical composition, on the other hand, remains unchanged. Longevity - Changes that are just temporary Change in energy - Energy absorption is little to non-existent. Creation of Products - There are no new items created. Reversibility - Can be reversed or not. Examples - Paper being torn Chemical change Composition -  Physical properties change. Additionally, chemical compositions also change. Longevity -Permanent changes Change in energy - More absorption and creation of energy occurs. Creation of Products - New products always get formed. Reversibility - Reversal is extreme

Customs duty CA Final Notes The Customs Act of 1962 and the Customs Tariff Act of 1975 govern customs law in India. Types of customs duty Special duty Basic Customs duty - It's the standard rate at which duty is imposed. Most of the time, it's a percentage of the product's value, as defined under section 14 of the Act. The average interest rate is 10%. A notification under Section 25 may exempt the duty in particular situations. Additional Customs duty/Countervailing Duty - Additional Customs Duty is paid to make customs duty equivalent to products manufactured in India. Countervailing Duty is another name for it. Anti-Dumping Duty - Some countries export items to India at a lower cost than they must sell in their own country. It frequently resembles product dumping in our country. As a result, a protective tariff known as an anti-dumping duty is imposed on such items in order to protect the interests of local businesses. Safeguard Duty, Protective Duties - To protect do

Difference between living and nonliving things The difference between living and nonliving things are - Living things They don't live forever and have a limited lifetime. Moving from one location to another is a natural occurrence for living organisms.  Within their cells, they breathe and exchange gases. They're still alive.  They have the ability to give birth to their offspring. To exist, living beings require water, oxygen, and food.  These items respond to stimuli and are sensitive to them.  Metabolic responses happen all the time. They grow and develop. Examples – Humans, animals, plants, insects Nonliving things Non-living entities do not have a lifespan and are immortal Things that aren't alive can't move on their own. They are not able to breathe. They are devoid of life. Non-living entities are incapable of reproducing. Living things are exempt from such requirements.  Stimuli have no effect on non-living entities, and they do not respond to them. There are

Rules of writing roman numerals with examples While writing, the Roman number system , like the Hindu-Arabic number system, has several rules that must be followed. As a result, the five laws of Roman numerals are as follows: I. The value of a sign increases with each repetition. Example:  XX = 10+10=20 II. Only I, X, C, and M can be repeated three times consecutively. In addition, the integers L, V, and D cannot be repeated. Otherwise, the number will become invalid. Example: Roman Numbers Valid/Invalid MCXXXXIII         Invalid XXII                Valid LLXXII                Invalid LXI                        Valid III. In addition, the digit with the greater value moves to the left of the digit with the lower value. Example: 10 + 2 = 12 X + II = XII IV. In subtraction, the higher value digit follows the lower value digit to the right. Example: 10 – 1 = 9 X – I = IX V. Subtraction can only be done using the letters I, X, and C. Click to know

 Consumer Vs Customer CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes  Consumer -  The end-user of purchase is known as the consumer. Customer -  Customers are known as buyers or clients. The primary distinction between the two phrases is the product's end-user. The consumer and customer can differ based on the product's last user. Difference between Consumer and Customer Consumer The individual who is making use of the commodity. Direct application to oneself.  A product's end-user.  May or may not be the product's purchaser.  Self-consumption. Monetary exchanges are not required. Customer The individual who pays for the item.  The commodity is resold or used in manufacturing or production.  The product's end-user may or may not be you.  The product's purchaser.  The commodity may or may not be resold.  Monetary exchanges are required. Know more,   Types of Customer and  Consumer Tag - what is Customer;  what is  Consumer; NCERT Class 9; customer vs consumer example;  CBSE o

 Difference between direct tax and indirect tax Direct tax  Income and profits are subject to direct taxation.  These taxes are paid to the government directly.  Individual tax rates are determined by the individual's income bracket. When the window opens, taxes are paid to the Income Tax Department. Examples-  Securities Tax, Income Tax, Indirect tax Goods and services are subject to indirect taxation. Customers pay indirect taxes as part of the price of the product or service.  As a result, the tax is paid to the intermediary, and it is the middleman's responsibility to pay the taxes to the government. Everyone pays the same amount of tax. These taxes are simply paid to the middleman when the commodity or service is purchased. Examples-  VAT, Excise duty Advantages of Indirect tax Convenient: Indirect tax is usually charged in modest amounts and is only paid when making purchases. The amount of the indirect tax is included in the final price of the goods or service. Tax is co

Photosynthesis Meaning and Definition Photosynthesis is the process through which plants produce their food. Light is represented by photo, and synthesis is the process of putting things together. As a result, chlorophyll aids plants in utilising light in conjunction with other resources to produce food. They make use of the following resources: Water Carbon Dioxide Sunlight Water : When we water plants, the water is absorbed via the soil by the roots. The roots aid in the distribution of water to the leaves via the stem. Veins are thin lines that run through the leaves. They assist in the transportation of water to various portions of the facility. Carbon dioxide : We inhale oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide when we breathe. This carbon dioxide is absorbed by the plant's leaves via stomata. Stomata are the microscopic pores beneath the leaves' surface. These pores aid in the exchange of gases and the removal of excess water from the plant by the leaves. The pores

FAQs - What are the steps to fill the CMA foundation registration form? The steps for completing the CMA foundation registration form can be found on the CMA Institute's official website. The following are the steps to completing the CMA foundation registration form : Visit the CMA Institute's official webpage at https://icmai.in/icmai/. On the home page, go to the student part of the menu bar. From the online services menu, select the link for the most recent student registration. Fill in your date of birth, name, enrolment type, coaching region, and so on. Fill in the candidate's contact information, such as permanent address, correspondence address, email address, and phone number. After selecting the submit button to complete the CMA foundation registration form , enter the details about your school qualifications for classes 10th and 12th on the next page. After carefully reading all of the instructions, select the choice to proceed. Upload the given documents in accor

Unit and Standard unit The hectare is the standard unit of land measurement, with 1 hectare equaling 2.4 acres . Acres are a standard unit of measurement in India, so you might be perplexed if someone says, "Acre." However, the hectare is the standard unit of measurement for land in the international system of units. The Metric System is the most prevalent and commonly used unit system. Here are some of the Metric system's standard and non-standard units of measurement : For Capacity: Millimetres (mm) Centimetres (cm) Metres (m) – This is the standard unit of length. Kilometres (km) For Time: Seconds – This is the standard unit of time. Minutes Hours Days/weeks/months/years For Temperature: Millilitres (ml) Litres (l) – This is the standard unit of capacity. For Weight/Mass: Grams (gr) Kilograms (kg) – This is the standard unit of weight in India. Tonnes (t) Newton (N) – This is the standard unit of weight per the International System of Units. Length: Degrees Celsius (