Class 11 Biology - Absorption And Assimilation of Digested Food

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Biology notes for class 11 : Absorption And Assimilation of Digested Food – Once in the small intestine, absorption and assimilation begin. The glucose, fructose, fatty acids, and peptides, amino acids are absorbed through the mucosa of the small intestine and passes into the bloodstream. From there, they reach tissues throughout our body and are assimilated. Assimilation occurs in every cell of the body to help develop new cells.

The food which is not digested or absorbed in the small intestine is then passed into the large intestine where water and minerals are absorbed. Fiber present in the food is indigestible and passes through the gastrointestinal tract without being broken down. Whatever is left is then expelled through the anus. Everything absorbed in the digestive system is used to make substances needed by cells and systems in the body.

Absorption is the process by which the products of digestion are carried into the blood to be supplied to the rest of the body. No absorption takes place in mouth or stomach, practically all food is absorbed in small intestine. Little food remains to be absorbed by the time the contents reach the large intestine. The small intestine offers a large surface area for absorption. The apparent surface area is increased several times (3-12 times) by the presence of finger-like projections called Villi, which project into the lumen of the small intestine. Most absorption takes place through these villi. In the center of each villus (singular of villi), a vessel called lacteal is present which is filled with lymph (a colorless fluid). Around the lacteal, a network of capillaries is present by means of which blood is brought very near to the surface of the membrane of the small intestine.

Absorption is achieved by either of the following mechanisms:

Simple diffusion: Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of solute from the higher concentration to the lower concentration through the membrane. After digestion, a few monosaccharides diffuse into the blood based on the concentration gradient. Example: Glucose, amino acids, and ions like chloride.

Active transport: Active transport may be defined as the process of solute movement from the lower concentration of the higher concentration by the expense of energy. Electrolytes like sodium ions are absorbed by active transport into the blood.

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