Digestive Disorders/Diseases- NCERT solutions for class 11 biology

Some of the common digestive disorders :

Indigestion is often a sign of an underlying problem, such as gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, or gallbladder disease, rather than a condition of its own. Also called dyspepsia, it is defined as a persistent or recurrent pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. It is not a disease. A dyspepsia is a group of symptoms which often include bloating, nausea and burping. Indigestion is usually caused by stomach acid coming into contact with the mucosa of the digestive system – the sensitive protective lining of the digestive system. Stomach acids break down the mucosa, causing irritation and inflammation, which trigger the symptoms of indigestion. In the majority of cases, indigestion is linked to eating and/or drinking. Sometimes it may be caused by infection or some medications.
Constipation is a common digestive issue in which bowel movements are infrequent or difficult to pass. A person is considered constipated if he/she has fewer than three bowel movements in a week. After this point, the stool may harden and become difficult or even painful to pass. Some common causes of constipation are lack of fibre in the diet, physical inactivity, use of certain drugs, not taking enough water, etc.
Vomiting describes the forceful expulsion of the contents of the stomach via the mouth or sometimes the nose, also known as emesis. The causes of vomiting are as wide-ranging as those for nausea and include anything from food poisoning or gastritis to head injuries. There are several causes that lead to the feeling of vomitings like Causes of nausea and vomiting may include:

Motion sickness or seasickness
Intense pain
Emotional stress (such as fear)
Gallbladder disease
Food poisoning
Infections (such as the “stomach flu”)
Overeating
A reaction to certain smells or odours
Heart attack
Concussion or brain injury

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