The Principle of Inheritance & Variation | Biology Note online Class 12

Principle of Inheritance and Variation Biology Note online Class 12

What is Heredity?

Heredity is the process by which inherited characteristics are passed on from parents to their children. Genetics is a branch of biology dealing with principles and processes of inheritance and variation. Inheritance is the foundation of heredity, and it is by this mechanism that traits are passed on from parents to offspring.

Heredity refers to the transfer of traits from parents to their offspring through asexual or sexual reproduction. These traits or characteristics are present on the chromosomes in the form of genes.

Genes, which are located on chromosomes, are the fundamental unit of inheritance, and the difference between individuals of the same species is unavoidable. The expression of genes on chromosomes varies due to chromosome crossing, recombination, mutation, and environmental factors.

What is Inheritance? What is a variance?

The system of transferring characters from parent to offspring is known as inheritance. It is a fundamental concept in genetics. The degree to which descendants vary from their forefathers and mothers is referred to as variation. Individuals belonging to the same species can differ in terms of anatomy, physiology, cytology, and behavioral characteristics. The reshuffling of genes and chromosomes causes variations. Recombination or overcrossing.

The transfer of distinct inheritance groups or chromosomes from parents to offspring is included in inheritance. For paired pea traits, a scientist discovered that they were either dominant or recessive. When pure-bred parent plants were cross-bred, dominant traits were always visible in the progeny, while recessive traits were hidden before self-pollinating was left to the first-generation (F1) hybrid plants.

What are the different laws of heredity?

Law of Dominance: One of the alleles is dominant and in the case of the heterozygote, is reflected in the phenotype, e.g. we get all the tall plants with the genotype Tt in the offspring when we cross homozygous tall (TT) and dwarf (tt) plants, so tallness is a dominant trait over the dwarfness.

The Law of Gene Segregation states that during meiosis, each allele separates at the time of gamete formation. There is no mixing, and different gametes are assigned to different characters. Homozygotes produce only one type of gamete, while heterozygotes produce several types of gametes.

Independent Assortment Law: This states that alleles are separately inherited for various traits. He showed that a dihybrid cross was used.

Test Cross: It is to discover the dominant genotype of the plant by the plant being crossed with the recessive homozygote. The two findings are: if only the dominant feature is indicated by the phenotype of offspring, then the parent plant was homozygote to the dominant feature. If both phenotypes of the offspring are produced, then the parent plant was heterozygote to the dominant feature.

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